Which amendment prohibits the government from establishing a national religion?

The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is the correct choice because it explicitly addresses the issue of religion and government. It contains two important clauses regarding religion: the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. The Establishment Clause prohibits the government from establishing an official religion or favoring one religion over another, ensuring a separation of church and state. This foundational principle protects the rights of individuals to practice their own religion freely without government interference, which is a cornerstone of American democratic values.

The other amendments listed do not pertain to the establishment of religion. The Second Amendment focuses on the right to bear arms, the Third Amendment addresses the quartering of soldiers, and the Fourth Amendment deals with protections against unreasonable searches and seizures. Therefore, the First Amendment is the only one that directly addresses the issue of a national religion.